By Pascal Martin, at the head of a department at the National Cyber Unit and a researcher with CRGN and IRSEM. He has a PhD in modern and contemporary history

"Information manipulation operations are particularly known for having been carried out by the KGB during the Cold War. In Soviet doctrine, they were referred to as “active measures” (aktivni meroprijatija), which were defined as “measures taken by agents aimed at exerting influence on the foreign policy and domestic situation of target countries in the interests of the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist community […], weakening the political, military, economic, and ideological positions of capitalism, undermining its aggressive plans, with the goal of creating favorable conditions for the implementation of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union” (...)".

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